Best Lightweight Tablet Keyboard Cases in 2026

✅【IPad 10.2/10.5 inch Keyboard Case Compatibility】❗❗No pen or charge included!❗❗The iPad keyboard case is designed for new iPad 9th 2021 (Model number: A2602/A2603/ A2604/ A2605),8th 2020 released (A2430/A2270/ A2428/ A2429), iPad 7th Generation 10.2 inch 2019 released (A2197/A2198/A2200), iPad Air 3 10.5" 2019 released (A2152/A2123/A2153/A2154) and iPad Pro 10.5 inch 2017 released (A1701/A1709/A1852). Please check the back bottom of your iPad to find the model number.

✅【Colorful Backlit Keyboard & Hybrid Shockproof Protective Cover】Optional backlight mode and 7 vibrant colors make typing fun and easy in the dark. Scissors mechanical keyboard feels quiet and smooth. The protective case inner layer is of honeycomb grid pattern cushion that releases more 80% hotness than other iPad cases, prevent overheating to extend your iPad life and maximizing screen protection.

✅【Multiple Viewing Angles & Removeable Magnetic Keyboard】The flip leather case intends to combine tablet and keyboard which form a laptop with keyboard function to work easier. The smart folio keyboard and magnetic case allow us to adjust screen vision and typing position. Secure magentic closure enables you to take the tablet keyboard and a hard shell with you. In case you don't need the Bluetooth keyboard for your iPad sometimes, remove the keyboard and wear the iPad case.

✅【7th/8th/9th Generation Case with Keyboard Compatibility】❗❗No pen or charge included!❗❗Our iPad keyboard case is designed for new iPad 9th 2021 (Model number: A2602/A2603/ A2604/ A2605),8th 2020 released (A2430/A2270/ A2428/ A2429), iPad 7th Generation 10.2 inch 2019 released (A2197/A2198/A2200), iPad Air 3rd Gen 10.5-inch 2019 released (A2152/A2123/A2153/A2154) and iPad Pro 10.5-inch 2017 released (A1701/A1709/A1852).Please check the back bottom of your iPad to find the model number.

✅【Colorful Backlit Keyboard & Hybrid Shockproof Protective Cover】Optional backlight mode and 7 vibrant colors make typing fun and easy in the dark. Scissors mechanical keyboard feels quiet and smooth. The protective case inner layer is of honeycomb grid pattern cushion that releases more 80% hotness than other iPad cases, prevent overheating to extend your iPad life and maximizing screen protection.

✅【Multiple Viewing Angles & Removeable Magnetic Keyboard】The flip leather case intends to combine tablet and keyboard which form a laptop with keyboard function to work easier. The smart folio keyboard and magnetic case allow us to adjust screen vision and typing position. Secure magentic closure enables you to take the tablet keyboard and a hard shell with you. In case you don't need the Bluetooth keyboard for iPad sometimes, remove the keyboard and wear the iPad case.

✅【IPad 10.2/10.5 inch Keyboard Case Compatibility】❗❗No pen or charger included!❗❗The iPad keyboard case is designed for new iPad 9th 2021 (Model number: A2602/A2603/ A2604/ A2605),8th 2020 released (A2430/A2270/ A2428/ A2429), iPad 7th Generation 10.2 inch 2019 released (A2197/A2198/A2200), iPad Air 3 10.5" 2019 released (A2152/A2123/A2153/A2154) and iPad Pro 10.5 inch 2017 released (A1701/A1709/A1852). Please check the back bottom of your iPad to find the model number.

✅【Colorful Backlit Keyboard & Hybrid Shockproof Protective Cover】Optional backlight mode and 7 vibrant colors make typing fun and easy in the dark. Scissors mechanical keyboard feels quiet and smooth. The protective case inner layer is of honeycomb grid pattern cushion that releases more 80% hotness than other iPad cases, prevent overheating to extend your iPad life and maximizing screen protection.

✅【Multiple Viewing Angles & Removeable Magnetic Keyboard】The flip leather case intends to combine tablet and keyboard which form a laptop with keyboard function to work easier. The smart folio keyboard and magnetic case allow us to adjust screen vision and typing position. Secure magentic closure enables you to take the tablet keyboard and a hard shell with you. In case you don't need the Bluetooth keyboard for your iPad sometimes, remove the keyboard and wear the iPad case.

✅【iPad 9.7 Inch Keyboard Case Compatible】❗❗No pen or charger included!❗❗The iPad keyboard case is for iPad 6th Generation 9.7inch 2018 released(A1893-A1954), iPad 5th Generation 9.7inch 2017 released(A1822-A1823) and iPad Air 2nd Generation 9.7inch 2014 released(A1566-A1567). ♐: It is not compatible with any other devices size. Please check the iPad model number of the back bottom before purchasing.

✅【7 Colorful Backlit Keyboards】 The keyboard and case are detachable, with 7 pure color backlights, 1 backlit breathing mode, optional adjustment mode, you can change the colors of the lights under the keys as well to several different colors so if you do not feeling one color pattern, you can easily change it to a different one.

✅【Colorful Backlit Keyboard & Hybrid Shockproof Protective Cover】Optional backlight mode and 7 vibrant colors make typing fun and easy in the dark. Scissors mechanical keyboard feels quiet and smooth. The protective case inner layer is of honeycomb grid pattern cushion that releases more 80% hotness than other iPad cases, prevent overheating to extend your iPad life and maximizing screen protection.

✅【iPad Pro 11 inch Keyboard Case Compatible with 10.9 Inch】❗❗No pen or charger included!❗❗The keyboard Cover is designed for iPad Pro 11 4th Gen 2022(Model No.A2435/A2759/A2761/A2762),iPad Air 5th Gen 2022 (A2591/A2589/A2588),Air 4th Generation 2020 (A2325/A2324/A2316/A2072),iPad pro 11 3rd Generation 2021 released(A2301/A2377/A2459/A2460), Pro 11 2nd Generation 2020 (A2228/ A2068/ A2230/ A2231, Pro 11 1st Generation 2018 ( A1980/ A2013/ A1934/ A1979).

♐It's Not compatible with any other devices. Please check the Model Number back bottom of your iPad.

✅【Multiple Viewing Angles & Removeable Magnetic Keyboard】The flip leather case intends to combine tablet and keyboard which form a laptop with keyboard function to work easier. The smart folio keyboard and magnetic case allow us to adjust screen vision and typing position. Secure magentic closure enables you to take tablet keyboard and a hard shell with you. In case you don't need the Bluetooth keyboard for your iPad sometimes, remove the keyboard and wear the iPad pro case.

✅【iPad Pro 11 inch Keyboard Case Compatible with 10.9 Inch】❗❗No pen or charger included!❗❗The keyboard Cover is designed for iPad Pro 11 4th Gen 2022(Model No.A2435/A2759/A2761/A2762),iPad Air 5th Gen 2022 (A2591/A2589/A2588),Air 4th Generation 2020 (A2325/A2324/A2316/A2072),iPad pro 11 3rd Generation 2021 released(A2301/A2377/A2459/A2460), Pro 11 2nd Generation 2020 (A2228/ A2068/ A2230/ A2231, Pro 11 1st Generation 2018 ( A1980/ A2013/ A1934/ A1979).

♐It's Not compatible with any other devices. Please check the Model Number back bottom of your iPad.

✅【Multiple Viewing Angles & Removeable Magnetic Keyboard】The flip leather case intends to combine tablet and keyboard which form a laptop with keyboard function to work easier. The smart folio keyboard and magnetic case allow us to adjust screen vision and typing position. Secure magentic closure enables you to take the tablet keyboard and a hard shell with you. In case you don't need the Bluetooth keyboard for your iPad sometimes, remove the keyboard and wear the iPad pro case.

Compatibility - Just compatible with Samsung Galaxy Tab A7 Lite 8.7" Model SM-T220/T225/T227 Not fit any other model device.Please check the model before purchase. Samsung Tablet NOT INCLUDED

Backlit Keyboard - 7 Colors Backlit Detachable Keyboard makes your keyboard gorgeous and special, typing fun and easy in the dark/night. Built-in long life Lithium-ion battery and high quality waterproof keyboard conductive film, keyboard can work better than others

Support Wireless Charging for S Pen & Pencil Holder -Case supports S Pen wirelss charging, you don't need to take off the case. Feel free to adjust the best viewing position by remove keyboard and adjust the screen. Perfect for watching, reading, working or playing games.

✔【Designed for Samsung Galaxy Tab A8 10.5" 2022】Just compatible with Samsung Galaxy Tab A8 10.5" SM-X200 SM-X205 SM-X207 2022 Release. Please kindly check the model number SM-T*** on the tablet “Settings” before purchase. Not fit any other model device. Samsung Tablet or S Pen NOT INCLUDED

✔【Smart Case with Rechargable Backlit Keyboard】7 colors back-light make typing fun and easy in the dark/night. This keyboard is easy to attach or remove from the magnetic cover case, and instantly connect via Bluetooth. With the U.S Chipset and scissor switch keys, helping you to type stable and fast. You can take keyboard case to anywhere anytime with built-in long life Lithium-ion battery. With high quality waterproof keyboard conductive film, keyboard can work better than others

✔【Precise Cutouts & Full Body Protection】Precise cutouts allow full access to all features and offer the perfect protection, convenience for daily use. And the case made of soft PU and flexible TPU inner shell, which are drop-proof and scratch resistant, also not slippery or stick while carrying it around, perfect all-around protection for your precious tablet

【Galaxy Tab S7 FE /S7+ 12.4"/ S8+ Case with Keyboard 】Compatible with Samsung Galaxy Tab S7 FE 12.4 2021 (SM-T730/T736) / S7+ Plus 2020/S8 Plus 2022 (Model SM-X800/X806), design with a pencil slot to store the pen, equipped with a detachable wireless keyboard, allowing you to experience the pleasure of typing anytime, anywhere as a laptop, brings a different feeling of your s7 fe/s7+/S8+ , very suitable for travel, office or school use!

【Detachable Touchpad Keyboard】This Samsung Tab S7 FE smart keyboard case, precise touchpad sensitive control navigation of your s7 fe tablet without separate mouse, use as a real laptop, improve work efficiency and other application effects. US-Layout bring more convenience when typing, and you can remove the keyboard and enjoy the big screen without barriers

【Mutil-viewing Stand】The Keyboard Cover for Samsung Galaxy Tab S7 FE/ S7 Plus with adjustable stand allows you to easily use the samsung tablet of typing notes to watching videos, etc. 3 level viewing stand, help you enjoy a comfortable position to working or watching, free your hand

【Easy Carrying Case for Travel】This keyboard case has a comfortable handle and the internal mesh bag is suitable for storing cables and other accessories. The velcro can secure the keyboard firmly.

【Stylish and Durable】Made of high-density hard EVA and 1680D material to protect your favorite keyboard from bumps, dents and scratches. Semi-waterproof, Anti-static, Shockproof.

【Perfect for Compact Small Keyboard】External size: 14.2''X 5.7''X 2''.，Internal Dimensions: 13.25 x 4.5 x 1.57 inches。Fit not only for KEMOVE series gaming keyboard, but also suitable for the most 40%/ 60%/65% mechanical keyboard.

✅【Keyboard Case for iPad Pro 12.9"】❗❗No pen or charger included!❗❗The Keyboard cover is designed for iPad Pro 12.9" 6th Gen 2022 (Model number: A2764/A2437/A2766),5th Gen 2021 (Model number: A2378/A2379/A2461/A2462),4th Gen 2020 (A2229/A2069/A2232/A2233).♐It's Not compatible with any other devices. Please check the model number of your iPad back bottom.

✅【Multiple Viewing Angles & Removeable Magnetic Keyboard】The flip leather case intends to combine tablet and keyboard which form a laptop with keyboard function to work easier. The smart folio keyboard and magnetic case allow us to adjust screen vision and typing position. Secure magentic closure enables you to take the tablet keyboard and a hard shell with you. In case you don't need the Bluetooth keyboard for your iPad sometimes, remove the keyboard and wear the iPad pro case.

✅【Colorful Backlit & Rechargeable Keyboard】Optional Backlight mode and 7 vibrant colors make typing fun and easy in the dark. Scissors mechanical keyboard feels quiet and smooth. The keyboard USB charge cables are attached with the parcel. After 2-3 hours of full charge, the wireless keyboard stands by for 90 days at once.

SMART SAMSUNG GALAXY TAB S7 FE KEYBOARD CASE : This galaxy s7 fe 12.4" keyboard case provides comprehensive protection from scratches, bumps or dents, and protects your tablet from various fall accidents. protects against fingerprints, impacts, scratches and dust. precise cutouts allow full access to all ports, sensors, speakers, microphones and cameras

DETACHABLE WIRELESS TOUCHPAD KEYBOARD : The detachable keyboard protective cover can not only protect your tablet, but also use this wireless bluetooth keyboard to make you feel the "real" laptop.qwerty keyboard built-in touchpad,no need for a separate mouse .the touchpad also has left- and right-click buttons, making it easier than ever to navigate your content

3 VIEWING ANGLE STAND KEYBOARD CASE : Provide 3 different stand angles customized for your typing, displaying and writing purposes,suitable for various life and work scenarios

✅Galaxy Tab S6 lite KEYBOARD CASE---Just compatible with Samsung Galaxy Tab S6 Lite 10.4'' Tablet 2022/2020 Release, ONLY FITS for [ Model: SM-P610/P613/P615/P619 ]. Not fit any other model device.Please check the model before purchase. Samsung Tablet or S Pen NOT INCLUDED

✅REMOVABLE KEYBOARD---The detachable keyboard case is more flexible to use. When you don't need the keyboard, you can remove the keyboard and use it as a protective cover.

✅LEATHER COVER---this flip cover is made of PU leather, it can be washable, waterproof in life.WIth high-quality, soft, ultra-thin, lightweight and durable leather, it provide all-round protection for your tablet.

🌟【iPad Air 2022/2020 Case with Keyboard Compatibility】this removable business keyboard case is designed for iPad Air 5th Gen 10.9 inch 2022 release (Model: A2589 A2591);iPad Air 4th Gen 10.9 inch 2020 release(Model: A2324/A2072/A2316/A2325)

🌟【Excellent color & feel 】Cute Round keys make your keyboard is more beautiful. Nomatter in School, business , home and other places,this keyboard case can offer great feel,there are 7 colors to fit your needs.

🌟【Removable Keyboard itself is very light】 Detachable Bluetooth keyboard transforms your iPad into a laptop in less than a second. you can detachable this adorable keyboard anytime. this sturdy and durable Keyboard can compatible with 3 different systems-Android/android/Windows.

Samsung Galaxy Tab S7 FE 2021 Android Tablet 12.4” Keyboard - Only Compatible with Samsung Galaxy Tab S7 FE 12.4 2021, Not for Tab S7 Plus/S7+, design with a pencial slot to store the pen, equipped with a detachable wireless keyboard, allowing you to experience the pleasure of typing anytime, anywhere. The s7 fe tablet computer brings a different feeling, very suitable for travel, office or school use!

Detachable Wireless Touchpad Keyboard - This keyboard case for galaxy tab s7 fe 2021 with sensitive touchpad control navigation of your s7 fe tablet without extra mouse, makes you feel as a real laptop, improve work efficiency. US-Layout bring more convenience when typing, and you can remove the keyboard and enjoy the big screen

3 Viewing Angle Stand - The galaxy tab s7 fe 5g Tablet case keyboard with adjustable stand allows you to easily use the s7 fe tablet of typing notes to watching videos, etc. 3 level viewing stand, help you enjoy a comfortable position to working or watching, free your hand

iPad 10.9 Inch 2022 Keyboard Case With Trackpad : This keyboard case is specially designed for iPad 10th Gen 10.9'' 2022 which can provides comprehensive protection from scratches, bumps or dents, and protects your iPad from various fall accidents. protects against fingerprints, impacts, scratches and dust. precise cutouts allow full access to all ports, sensors, speakers, microphones and cameras

Detachable Wireless Touchpad Keyboard : The detachable keyboard case not only protects your tablet, but also lets you feel like a "real" laptop with this wireless keyboard. qwerty keyboard has a built-in touchpad, eliminating the need for a separate mouse. the trackpad also features left- and right-click buttons, making it easier than ever to navigate your content

High-Quality Waterproof Keyboard : Daily life waterproof design, no longer have to worry about your coffee spilling on the keyboard to damage the keyboard. with high end abs material, the spring mechanism under each button ensures that there is a tactile response every time you tap, helping you to type faster and make fewer mistakes than typing on a touch screen

TOUCH KEYBOARD CASE FOR IPAD PRO 11 INCH -Touch keyboard cover compatible with iPad Pro 11 inch 2021 ( A2301/A2459/A2460 )/ 2020 (A2228/A2068/A2230/A2231) / 2018 (A1980/A2013/A1934)/iPad Air 10.9-inch (4th,5th Gen- 2020,2022), built in pen slot for storing pens, do not affect the charging of Pencil. Equipped with a detachable wireless keyboard, you can type anytime, anywhere, bring a different feeling to your tablet, suitable for travel, office or school use! [Please check the bottom of your iPad to find the model]

DETACHABLE WIRELESS KEYBOARD & TOUCHPAD - This wireless keyboard for ipad Pro 11 inch tablet leather case has a detachable wireless BT keyboard, US layout keyboard, can turn iPad 11 into a high-performance laptop. Design with sensitive trackpad, convenient for you to edit documents, browse the web, watch videos, etc., no need to equip additional mouse, bring you more convenience

MUTIL-VIEWING STAND & BUILT IN PENCIL SLOT - The ipad 11 pro keyboard Magnetic case combines tablet and keyboard to form a laptop with keyboard function, making work easier. Flip folio magnet stand can be adjusted to a comfortable angle for typing, reading, gaming, etc. The built-in pencil holder supports pencil 2nd Generation wireless charging and storage, and the secure magnetic closure can well protective your new tablet without scratching

This hard EVA Logitech POP Keys mechanical wireless keyboard carrying case external dimensions: 16.5 x 6.48 x 2.37 inches; internal dimensions: 15.7 x 5.7 x 1.91 inches. perfectly fit Logitech POP Keys mechanical wireless keyboard and POP wireless mouse, emoji menu key, dongle, included usb. CASE ONLY! (device and accessories are not included)

This Logitech wireless mechanical keyboard travel case is made of high-density fabric hard EVA material and fluffy fabric lining, shockproof waterproof dust protection anti-static. the POP Keys Logitech keyboard storage travel case is very suitable to provide travel protection for your Logitech POP Keys mechanical wireless keyboard, mouse and usb cord.

The ultra-portable Logitech multi device keyboard case is featured with elastic bands helps to hold the Logitech POP Keys wireless mechanical keyboar on the go, protects your Logitech wireless mechanical keyboard and accessories from any movement, perfect for travel.

Samsung Galaxy Tab S8+/S7 Fe/S7+ Backlight Keyboard Case With Trackpad - This keyboard case is specially designed for Samsung Galaxy Tab S8+/S8 Plus 2022 (SM-X800/X806) & Tab S7 FE 2021 (SM-T730/T733/T736/T738) & Tab S7+/S7 Plus 2020 (SM-T970/T975/T976/T978) which can provides comprehensive protection from scratches, bumps or dents, and protects your Samsung from various fall accidents. protects against fingerprints, impacts, scratches and dust.

Detachable & Backlit Wireless Touchpad Keyboard - 3 levels of brightness and 7 vibrant colors make typing fun and easy in the dark or the light. the keyboard can be attached to the case magnetically, if not needed, it can be removed. qwerty keyboard has a built-in touchpad, eliminating the need for a separate mouse. the trackpad also features left- and right-click buttons, making it easier than ever to navigate your content.lets you feel like a "real" laptop with this wireless keyboard

High-Quality Waterproof Keyboard - Daily life waterproof design, no longer have to worry about your coffee spilling on the keyboard to damage the keyboard. with high end abs material, the spring mechanism under each button ensures that there is a tactile response every time you tap, helping you to type faster and make fewer mistakes than typing on a touch screen

Smart Galaxy Tab S8+/S7 Fe/S7+ Keyboard Case : This case is compatible with Samsung Galaxy Tab S8+/S8 Plus (Model Sm-X800/X806) 2022 Release & Tab S7 Fe 5g 12.4 (Model Sm-T730/T733/T736/T738) 2021 Release & Tab S7+/S7 Plus 12.4 (Model Sm-T970/T975/T976/T978) 2020 Release, It will not work for any other model device.the case can provides comprehensive protection from scratches, bumps or dents. protects against fingerprints, impacts and dust. precise cutouts allow full access to all ports

High-Precision Trackpad Keyboard : Equipped with a smart trackpad for precise control and navigation, the combination of tablet and computer functions makes you feel like a "real" laptop. control your tablet with multiple gestures to edit documents, browse the web, and build presentations with unparalleled speed for your productivity

High Quality Waterproof Backlit Keyboard : Waterproof design, no need to worry about coffee spilling on the keyboard and damaging it. made of high-end abs material, the spring mechanism under each key ensures a tactile response with every tap, helping you to type faster and with fewer errors than on a touchscreen. a full row of shortcut keys and well-spaced backlit keys, so you can still see what you're doing even in a dark environments, can optimize your productivity anywhere, day or night

【Excellent quality and durability】Bluetooth 3.0 is stable and efficient, working distance of 10 meters/32.8ft.

【Easy to carry】Our keyboard is small and light, does not occupy space, easy to carry, and has wide compatibility can be used for Android, for IOS, for Windows.

【Powerful Function】 Environmentally‑friendly, complies with international safety standards, which is dust‑proof,waterproof, scratch‑resistant, high quality with high performance.

🏆 This hard carrying traveling case is designed for Fosmon Mini Bluetooth Keyboard (QWERTY Keypad)

High Quality Material: The storage case is made of high quality EVA material, very durable and sturdy, shockproof and waterproof. Ensure a secure & long-lasting usage everyday.

Function: Storage & Protective. Preventing any damages or scratches caused by accidentally. Protect the device in good condition when go out. Making your journey and traveling more convenient wherever you go.

Compatibility - Just compatible with iPad 10th 10.9" 2022 New release, Not fit any other model device.Please check the model before purchase. iPad Tablet and Apple Pencil NOT INCLUDED

Backlit Keyboard - 7 Colors Backlit Detachable Keyboard makes your keyboard gorgeous and special, typing fun and easy in the dark/night. Built-in long life Lithium-ion battery and high quality waterproof keyboard conductive film, keyboard can work better than others

Full Protection - Offers the difference by Ultra Hybrid protection Design, Soft Case provides strong support, Anti-Fingerprint and Anti-Scratch. Front PU leather cover protects your iPad from shocks, drops, and impacts.

With head protection design, it will not fall out even when it is turned upside down, making the equipment safer, more stable, and will not slide.

Using high‑quality imitation faux leather material, shockproof, wear‑resistant, waterproof, provide multiple protection for your keyboard.

The keyboard case is specially designed for Logitech BT wireless multi‑device keyboard k380, with higher security.

High-Quality Materials: KEMOVE Keyboard Case is made of eco-friendly materials, high-density EVA, and 1680D fabric, with high-quality hard EVA providing durability and longevity. The hidden zipper is smooth and durable.

Stylish and Durable: 60% Keyboard Protective Sleeve features characteristics of being semi-waterproof, anti-static, shock-resistant, dustproof, stylish, and durable. It can effectively absorb impacts, reducing losses from accidental impacts.

Unique Design: 60% Keyboard Travel Case features an integrated mesh pocket to protect your other small accessories. The slim dual zipper ensures your items won't fall out.

【Environmentally friendly Design】The keyboard adopts an environmentally friendly plastic keyboard that complies with international safety standards, which is dustproof, waterproof, scratch resistant, high quality with high performance.

【Multi functional Set 】Premium PU case + keyboard, with stand, you have three things at the same time, allows with more perfect protection for your tablet and big screen mobile phone.

【Simple and Generous Appearance】High quality PU leather with brushed texture for comfortable using experience. Perfectly designed with fine craftsmanship for super good button feel, also easy to operate.

Hard travel storage case for Logitech MX Mechanical Wireless Illuminated Performance Keyboard. (For sale is case only, Device and Accessories are not included.)

The case it's made of high quality EVA material, which is shockproof, dustproof and Semi-waterproof. It can effectively absorb impacts and reduce damages caused by accidentally bumping, and protects your Logitech Keyboard.

CONVENIENT DESIGN: Steady hand strap for portability, Inner design perfectly for accessories. Smooth but strong 360 degree zipper for easy to opening and closing.

Case With Tempered Glass Screen Protector COMPATIBILITY: Specifically designed for Microsoft Surface Pro 8 13 inch 2021 Model

[ Hand Strap / Shoulder Strap ] The adjustable hand strap makes you hold or use your tablet easily in all directions.

BUILT-IN Pen HOLDER & DETAILED CRAFTING: unique slot pen holder design ensure easily store and remove Pencil. Precise cutout perfectly aligns up to ports, controls to easily access all functions.